Short answer: Usually not. The No Surprises Act bans balance bills and extra out-of-network charges for certain services, like anesthesiology or radiology, provided by out-of-network providers during a visit to an in-network facility. You pay only your in-network cost-sharing.
Even at an in-network hospital or surgery center, some providers who treat you (an anesthesiologist, radiologist, pathologist, or assistant surgeon) may be out-of-network, often without your knowledge. Before 2022 those providers could balance-bill you for the difference. The law now bans that for these ancillary services.
For protected services you cannot be charged more than in-network cost-sharing, and the out-of-network provider cannot send you a balance bill for the remainder. A narrow exception applies only if you receive advance notice and give written consent to be treated and billed out-of-network, and that consent is never allowed for emergency or certain ancillary services.